Ethan Clarke
Plastic food containers can be convenient, but it's important to know when to replace them for safety reasons. Older plastic containers may contain bisphenol A (BPA), a chemical that can leach into food and potentially impact hormone balance and health. Even if a plastic container is BPA-free, it may contain other unknown chemicals. Over time, plastic containers can develop scratches, cracks, stains, and odours that indicate it's time to replace them. Heating and washing plastic containers in the microwave or dishwasher can also cause them to degrade and generate microplastics, which are harmful to human health. To ensure food safety and reduce potential health risks, it's recommended to regularly assess plastic containers and replace them with glass, porcelain, ceramic, or stainless-steel containers if needed.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Plastic containers with recycling codes | 2, 4, or 5 are considered safe |
| Plastic containers with recycling codes | 3 or 7 likely contain BPA |
| Plastic containers with recycling codes | 1 are used for refrigerated or frozen items |
| Plastic containers with signs of damage | Should be discarded due to potential contamination |
| Plastic containers with stains and odors | May indicate lingering food residue or bacteria |
| Plastic containers in good condition but old | Should be avoided due to potential BPA content |
| Plastic containers in microwave or dishwasher | Should be avoided due to potential degradation |
| Plastic containers for food storage | Alternatives like glass, porcelain, or stainless steel are safer |
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What You'll Learn
Dangers of bisphenol A (BPA)
Bisphenol A, commonly known as BPA, is a chemical used in the production of certain plastics to make them more durable. It is primarily used in the production of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. Polycarbonate plastics are strong and durable but can break down over time from overuse at high temperatures. This is why it is recommended to avoid microwaving polycarbonate plastic food containers.
BPA can be found in various products, including shatterproof windows, eyewear, water bottles, and epoxy resins that coat some metal food cans, bottle tops, and water supply pipes. It can also be found in consumer products such as polycarbonate tableware, food storage containers, and baby bottles. The primary source of exposure to BPA for most people is through their diet, especially from canned foods and polycarbonate tableware.
BPA is a cause for concern because human exposure to it is widespread. A 2003-2004 study by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) found detectable levels of BPA in 93% of urine samples from people six years and older. Some animal studies have also reported effects on fetuses and newborns exposed to BPA, suggesting that infants and children may be the most vulnerable to its effects.
BPA has been linked to potential health risks. It can act like estrogen, a powerful hormone essential for reproduction, fertility, the development of sex organs and the brain, and controlling metabolism. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the National Toxicology Program (NTP) have expressed "some concern" about its effects on the brain, behaviour, and prostate gland in fetuses, infants, and children. However, they also concluded that there was insufficient data from humans and limited evidence from animals. The State of Minnesota has adopted regulations regarding BPA in children's products and food contact materials to protect consumers from potential hazards.
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Safe recycling codes
Plastic containers should be replaced regularly, as they can degrade over time and become unsafe for food use. When assessing whether a plastic container is safe to use, it is important to check for any signs of wear and tear, such as cracks, scratches, or warping. Persistent staining and odours may also indicate the presence of lingering food residue or bacteria, which can be unsafe for food storage.
When determining the safety of plastic containers, it is crucial to check their recycling codes. The recycling symbol, known as the Resin Identification Code (RIC), is usually a number between 1 and 7 enclosed within a small triangle. Each number corresponds to a specific type of plastic, indicating its resin or polymer. Here are some common recycling codes and their safety implications:
- Codes 2, 4, and 5: These are generally considered safe for food storage. Code 2 represents HDPE (high-density polyethylene), which is durable and found in items like milk jugs and cooking oil bottles. Code 4 stands for LDPE (low-density polyethylene), used in squeeze bottles and bread bags. Code 5 is for PP (polypropylene), which has a high melting point and is often used for containers holding hot liquids, such as yogurt containers.
- Codes 3 and 7: Plastics with these codes are likely to contain BPA (bisphenol A), a chemical that can leach into food and potentially impact hormone balance. While some manufacturers have phased out BPA, it is advisable to replace these containers with chemically inert alternatives like glass, porcelain, or stainless steel.
- Code 6: This code often indicates polystyrene (PS), which is commonly used for disposable coffee cups, packing peanuts, and to-go food containers. While PS products can sometimes be recycled, they may require specialised handling due to their fragile nature.
- Code 1: This code represents PET or PETE plastic, which is commonly used for bottles of soda, water, and other drinks. It is also used for cooking oil containers and food jars. PET/PETE products can be recycled but may have varying levels of acceptance by local recycling programs.
It is important to note that the presence of a recycling code does not guarantee that a product is recyclable. Local regulations and infrastructure may dictate which types of plastic can be accepted for recycling in your area. Additionally, some plastics, like PVC, may leach chemicals over time, making them less suitable for food use despite their recyclability. Always refer to the manufacturer's recommendations and follow local recycling guidelines to ensure safe and proper disposal or reuse of plastic containers.
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Microwave and dishwasher damage
When it comes to microwaving and dishwashing, it is important to use the right type of plastic containers to avoid damage and potential health risks.
Microwave Damage
Microwaves can generate enough heat to degrade or melt certain plastics, so it is crucial to only use plastic containers labelled as "microwave-safe". These containers have undergone safety testing and are designed for high microwave temperatures. Single-use plastics and non-microwave-safe to-go containers should be avoided, as they may warp or melt, allowing more substances to leach into food. Old, cracked, or discoloured plastic containers should also be avoided for the same reason.
Dishwasher Damage
Washing plastic containers in the dishwasher, especially on the lower rack, can also be detrimental. The high temperatures can cause plastic to warp or melt, increasing the likelihood of chemical leaching. To minimise this, it is recommended to place plastics in the top rack, away from the heating element. Hand washing with mild soap and warm water is an alternative to prevent potential damage and chemical transfer.
Health Risks
The primary concern with using damaged or non-microwave-safe plastic is the potential transfer of harmful chemicals into food. Some plastics contain substances like phthalates and Bisphenol A (BPA), which are endocrine disruptors that can interfere with hormones. Exposure to these chemicals has been linked to health issues such as infertility, thyroid disease, early puberty, cancers, and metabolic dysfunction. Therefore, adhering to microwave safety guidelines and dishwasher placement advice is crucial to minimise chemical leaching and potential health hazards.
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Visible wear and tear
Stains and odors can also be a sign that your plastic containers need to be replaced. While a stain from something like tomato sauce is often not a safety concern, persistent staining paired with an odour may signal it’s time to get a new container. Stains and odours may be indicative of lingering food residue or bacteria, which can affect the taste and safety of food, and even increase the risk of cross-contamination.
In addition to visible wear and tear, you should also check your plastic containers for any cloudiness or fading. If your containers are scratched up or cloudy, it’s time for them to go. Fading could also be a sign of degradation, and degraded containers can leach microplastics into your food.
It's important to note that plastic containers made decades ago often included bisphenol A (BPA), a chemical that can leach into food and potentially influence the development of conditions like high blood pressure, Type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Tupperware, for example, only stopped using BPA in its products in the US as of March 2010. So, if your plastic containers are clearly very old, it’s safest to avoid using them for food storage.
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Safer alternatives
Plastic food containers can be harmful to health and the environment. They can leach harmful chemicals, such as bisphenol A (BPA), into the food they contain, potentially impacting hormone balance and affecting everything from lung and liver health to metabolism.
Glass Containers
Glass is see-through, allowing you to see your leftovers, and it is chemically inert, meaning it will not leach any harmful toxins or substances into your food, regardless of temperature. Glass containers are also nonporous, dishwasher, microwave, and freezer-safe, and often come with airtight, BPA-free lids. Glass is also inexpensive, infinitely recyclable, and made from entirely organic materials, making it a sustainable alternative.
Stainless Steel Containers
Stainless steel is lightweight, airtight, leakproof, and withstands heat well. It can be washed in the dishwasher or oven, but not the microwave. There is no chance of stainless steel contaminating your food with damaging chemicals or other substances, though it's best not to keep acidic foods inside stainless steel containers as a reaction could cause the metals to disperse.
Porcelain or Ceramic Containers
Porcelain and ceramic containers are recommended, especially for hot foods and liquids.
Natural Cloth
Natural cloth, such as organic cotton, wool, hemp, or bamboo, won't shed plastic fibres when washed. Cloth is lightweight, organic, and reusable, making it a good option for storing sandwiches or snacks for a day trip. However, it is not airtight, so it should not be used for sensitive foods or long-term storage.
Cardboard
Cardboard is fully compostable and recyclable. It is moisture-proof and heat-resistant, so it can be used in the microwave without any issues. However, cardboard should not be used to store perishable goods for an extended period.
Wood
Wood from sustainably managed forests can replace plastic in items like kitchen utensils, cutting boards, tableware, and drinking straws. It is a renewable, lightweight, durable, and compostable resource.
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Frequently asked questions
Turn the container over and look for a recycling code inside a triangular symbol. The numbers you want to see are 2, 4 or 5. These numbers indicate that the plastic is considered food-safe and durable enough to be washed and reused multiple times.
Old plastic containers can be made from unsafe plastics like bisphenol A (BPA), a chemical that can leach into food and impact hormone balance. They may also be more likely to degrade and generate microplastics, which are dangerous for human consumption.
You should look out for any wear, damage, or deterioration, such as cracks, chips, scratches, warping, or cloudiness. Staining, odours, and sticky surfaces may also indicate that it's time to replace your plastic containers.
Glass, porcelain, ceramic, and stainless-steel containers are safer alternatives to plastic, especially for storing hot foods and liquids.
Plastics with the label "PC" (for polycarbonate) or recycling codes three or seven likely contain BPA and should be avoided. Styrofoam containers are also cause for concern.
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