Omar Khalid
Plastic is everywhere, and it's no surprise that it has become a staple in our daily lives. However, with the convenience it brings, there is also a cost to the environment. Plastic contributes to climate change at every stage of its life cycle, from its origin as a fossil fuel to its refinement and eventual disposal. The production, use, and disposal of plastics are predicted to account for a significant portion of global carbon emissions by 2040. Plastic products, such as dish soap bottles, play a role in this environmental impact. Additionally, the act of dishwashing itself can affect plastic items, with some concerns that hot water or heat from microwaves could degrade plastic and potentially release harmful chemicals. While steps are being taken to reduce plastic usage, such as refill stores and biodegradable alternatives, it's essential to understand the potential consequences of using plastic products in our daily routines, like dishwashing.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Dishwashing soap breaking down plastic | Dishwasher pods are made of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), a synthetic polymer (plastic) that dissolves in water. While PVA is touted as the only vinyl polymer broken down by microorganisms, most PVA changes into micro-bits of plastic that contribute to plastic pollution. |
| Plastic items in dishwashers may not dry due to their rough surfaces, which can also make them harder to clean. | |
| Plastics are chemically similar to fats, so it is harder to remove fats from plastic items. | |
| Plastic products contribute to climate change at every stage of their life cycle, from refinement to disposal. |
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What You'll Learn
Dishwasher pods and plastic pollution
Dishwasher pods, or detergent pods, are a convenient way to ensure you use the perfect amount of detergent when doing your dishes. However, these pods are packaged in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), a synthetic polymer or plastic that does not readily break down in the environment. Instead, PVA changes into smaller microplastics that are invisible to the naked eye, contributing to plastic pollution. It is estimated that detergent pods contribute to 8,000 tons of PVA released into the environment each year, which is the equivalent of 600 million plastic soda bottles.
The environmental impact of dishwasher pods extends beyond just the pods themselves. The plastic used to package and ship these products also contributes to pollution. Plastic creates greenhouse gas emissions at every stage of its life cycle, from the refinement of crude oil or natural gas into plastic to the shipping of plastic products worldwide.
To reduce plastic pollution, individuals can take several measures. Firstly, consumers can opt for powder detergents that can be packaged without plastic. Refill stores are also an excellent way to cut down on plastic waste, as individuals can bring their own refillable containers to be refilled with products like dish soap. Additionally, consumers can advocate for legislation that addresses plastic pollution and support initiatives like the Break Free From Plastic Pollution Act.
It is worth noting that plastic items themselves can be challenging to clean and dry in a dishwasher due to their microscopic rough surfaces. Plastic items can be dislodged or flipped by the force of the water, resulting in waterlogged containers. To address this, individuals can use a mesh laundry bag or wire drying rack to secure lightweight plastic items during the wash cycle. While plastic may seem like a convenient option, its environmental impact and the challenges associated with cleaning and drying it underscore the importance of exploring alternative materials and reducing our reliance on plastic.
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How soaps work
It is a well-known fact that washing plastic dishes, unlike glass plates, is more challenging and often requires several wash cycles. Even after several washes, the plastic may still feel 'oily' or greasy, as if a thin layer of fat remains. This is because the molecular structures of soap, fat, and plastic are similar, and the soap and plastic compete for the fat.
Soaps, or detergents, are surface-active agents that remove dirt and fats by making them soluble in water. In order for a substance to dissolve in a solvent, they must share certain chemical properties, especially in terms of their polarity. Polar compounds tend to dissolve in polar solvents, and vice versa.
The soap molecule is amphiphilic, meaning it has a hydrophilic (water-loving) head and a hydrophobic (water-fearing) tail. This unique structure gives soap its cleaning power. The hydrophobic tail is attracted to grease, oil, and grime, while the hydrophilic head allows the complex to dissolve in water.
When soap comes into contact with dirt or grease, the soap molecules surround the grime, forming a bubble-like micelle structure. The hydrophobic tails attach to the dirt, while the hydrophilic heads face outward, allowing the entire structure to dissolve in water. Running water then washes away the dirt, along with the soap molecules.
This mechanism also works on microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Soap disrupts the protective membrane of these microorganisms, causing them to burst open. The water then washes away the remains, keeping us clean and healthy.
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Similar molecular structures of soap, fat and plastic
It is a well-known observation that washing plastic dishes from fat is more difficult than washing glass plates. Even after several wash cycles, the plastic may still feel 'oily', as if a thin layer of fat remains. This phenomenon can be explained by the similar molecular structures of soap, fat, and plastic.
Soaps are composed of fatty acids and a base that combine to form a salt. The most common fatty acids found in soap-making include myristic, lauric, stearic, palmitic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic, and ricinoleic acids. The base used in soap-making is typically sodium hydroxide, also known as lye, which neutralizes the fatty acids to form soap.
Fats, on the other hand, are composed of triglyceride molecules, which are made up of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule backbone. The fatty acids can be saturated or unsaturated, depending on the presence of single or double bonds between carbon atoms. Saturated fats tend to be solid at room temperature and add hardness to soaps, while unsaturated fats, typically from plant sources, contribute to creaminess and conditioning properties.
Plastics, like fats, are also composed of long chains of carbon atoms bound together. The key difference between fats and plastics lies in the length of these carbon chains. In fats, the chains typically consist of about 20 carbon atoms, while in plastics, these chains are longer.
Due to the similar molecular structures, a "tug-of-war" situation arises during the washing process. The non-polar tail of the soap molecule attracts the fat, while the polar head dissolves in water. However, since plastics are chemically similar to fats, they compete with the soap for the fat, making it challenging to remove the fat from the plastic surface.
Understanding these similar molecular structures provides insight into why it is more difficult to wash fat off plastic dishes compared to glass or metal surfaces.
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How to wash plastic items without damaging them
Plastic is a durable, man-made material designed to withstand dirt and frequent use. However, the challenge of washing plastic items lies in its chemical composition, which is similar to that of fats. As a result, soap molecules, which typically remove dirt and fats by making them soluble in water, struggle to effectively clean plastic. This leaves an "oily" residue on the plastic surface, even after multiple washes.
To effectively wash plastic items without damaging them, here are some methods you can use:
Baking Soda Paste
Baking soda is a gentle abrasive that effectively removes tough stains from plastic surfaces. To use this method:
- Mix 3 tablespoons of baking soda with 1 tablespoon of water to create a paste. Adjust the amounts as needed to achieve a toothpaste-like consistency.
- Apply the paste liberally to the plastic item using a cloth or an old toothbrush.
- Let the paste sit for 20 to 30 minutes.
- Remove the paste with a damp washcloth, rinsing the cloth periodically.
- Rinse the plastic item thoroughly with clean water to remove any remaining paste.
- Wash the plastic with a mild dish detergent and water.
- Dry the item with a towel or air dry it.
Isopropyl Alcohol
Isopropyl alcohol is effective in removing sticky residues from labels, tapes, or spills on plastic surfaces. To use this method:
- Apply a small amount of isopropyl alcohol to a cloth or paper towel.
- Gently rub the affected area on the plastic surface until the sticky residue is dissolved.
- Rinse the surface thoroughly with clean water to remove any residual alcohol, as it could degrade the plastic over time.
- Dry the item with a towel or air dry it.
Bleach Solution
A bleach solution can be used to deep clean plastic items and remove unpleasant scents. To use this method:
- Create a solution by mixing 1 tablespoon of bleach with each cup of water. Use protective gloves and caution when handling bleach.
- Submerge the plastic item in the solution for 5 to 10 minutes, ensuring it is completely covered.
- Remove the item from the solution and scrub it with a sponge or cloth to remove any caked-on dirt.
- Rinse the item thoroughly with clean water to remove all traces of bleach, as it may cause damage or discolouration if left on the plastic.
- Air dry the item completely to prevent water marks and inhibit bacterial or mould growth.
Vinegar and Lemon/Orange Zest
This natural method helps to clean plastic items and leave a pleasant scent. To use this method:
- Wash the plastic item with a mild soap and water.
- Put a small amount of lemon or orange zest inside the item and seal it.
- Let it sit for 10-15 minutes.
- Rinse the item with clean water to remove any lingering vinegar or zest residue.
- Dry the item with a soft towel.
It is important to note that before using any cleaning solution, you should always conduct a spot test on an inconspicuous area of the plastic item to ensure that the cleaner is suitable for that specific type of plastic and will not cause discolouration or damage.
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Plastic items labelled 'dishwasher safe'
When a plastic item is labelled "dishwasher-safe", it means the manufacturer has tested it and confirmed its ability to withstand high temperatures and detergents. However, not all plastic items labelled "dishwasher-safe" can withstand the high temperatures and detergents of a dishwasher. Some plastics require gentler dishwasher cycles or placement on the top rack, where the heat is less intense.
It is always best to check the manufacturer's instructions before placing plastic items in the dishwasher. Some plastic items, such as those with a special coating, may require specific care. Overcrowding the dishwasher can also increase drying time and obstruct thorough cleaning, so it is important to leave enough space between the dishes.
To avoid damaging plastic items in the dishwasher, it is recommended to use milder detergents and lower temperatures. Bleach and harsh chemicals should be avoided when washing plastics. It is also important to place plastic items on the top rack, as the bottom rack is closer to the heating element and can cause the plastic to warp or melt.
Some types of plastic that are commonly considered dishwasher-safe include HDPE (high-density polyethylene) and LDPE (low-density polyethylene). HDPE is often used for juice and milk containers, while LDPE is used for plastic wraps and food storage bags. Polypropylene (PP) is another type of plastic that is dishwasher-safe and is commonly used for food container lids and plastic wraps.
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Frequently asked questions
No, dishwashing soap does not break down plastic. In fact, cleaning plastic from fats is a challenging task for soaps because plastics are chemically similar to fats.
The similar molecular structures of soap, fat, and plastic cause a "'tug-of-war' between the soap and the plastic, with the plastic trying to keep its hold on the fats and the soap trying to dissolve it in the water.
One method to improve the breakdown of fats on plastic items is to soak the item in a solution of 1 tablespoon of chlorine bleach to 1 cup of water. After soaking, the item can be rinsed in warm soapy water.
