Maya Ellison
Humans are ingesting thousands of plastic particles annually, with estimates ranging from 50,000 to 150,000 particles per year. These particles, known as microplastics, are present in the air, soil, rivers, and oceans, and have made their way into our food and water supplies. While the health effects of ingesting microplastics are not yet fully understood, there are concerns about their potential impact on human health. Microplastics have been detected in seafood, meat, dairy, vegetables, tap and bottled water, and even in human stool samples, indicating that people are indeed ingesting these particles. With plastic pollution continuing to infiltrate our environment, it is important to understand the extent and consequences of our exposure to these plastic particulates.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Number of plastic particles ingested by an adult per year | 50,000-150,000 |
| Number of plastic particles ingested by a child per year | 40,000 |
| Equivalent weight of plastic ingested per week | A credit card |
| Equivalent weight of plastic ingested per month | A 4x2 Lego brick |
| Equivalent weight of plastic ingested per year | A fireman's helmet |
| Number of plastic particles ingested per day | 900 |
| Number of plastic particles ingested per year by drinking tap water | 4,000 |
| Number of plastic particles ingested per year by drinking bottled water | 90,000-130,000 |
| Number of plastic particles ingested per year by vegetarians | Lesser than non-vegetarians |
| Number of plastic particles ingested per year by people with allergies | Lesser than people without allergies |
| Number of plastic particles ingested per year by people who don't eat seafood | Lesser than people who eat seafood |
| Number of plastic particles found in human stool samples | 200 |
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What You'll Learn
Plastic in drinking water
The NIH study identified seven types of plastic in the bottled water, the most common being polyamide, a nylon used for water purification. Other plastics included polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyvinyl chloride, polymethyl methacrylate, and polystyrene. The presence of these plastics in bottled water is a major health concern, as plastic particles have been found in human blood, lungs, gut, reproductive tissues, and even breast milk. While the health effects of ingesting these plastics are still unknown, recent studies have linked microplastic and nanoplastic pollutants to heart disease, lung disorders, and other worrying health issues.
The issue of plastic in drinking water is not limited to bottled water. Single-use plastic bottles also contain PFAS, a class of chemicals dangerous to human and environmental health. Plastic particles have also been detected in tap water, albeit in smaller quantities, due to the use of plastic pipes and water treatment equipment, as well as environmental pollution. To reduce exposure to plastic particles, experts recommend using plastic-free ceramic, glass, or stainless steel reusable water bottles.
While it is challenging to avoid all exposure to microplastics and nanoplastics, some steps can be taken to reduce their consumption. In addition to choosing reusable alternatives, individuals can opt for less processed foods, such as loose fruits and vegetables, which are typically less contaminated by plastic. It is also advisable to avoid food packaged in plastic, favouring alternatives like paper or banana leaves. Overall, while the health implications of ingesting plastic particles are still being studied, it is clear that plastic in drinking water is a significant issue that requires attention and action.
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Plastic in seafood
Microplastics are small pieces of plastic that pollute the planet, including the sea, where they are consumed by marine creatures. Microplastics have been found in the flesh of many fish species, such as mackerel and anchovies, and molluscs. They have also been detected in the gastrointestinal tracts and gills of larger fish.
A study by the University of Exeter and the University of Queensland found plastic in all samples of seafood tested, including oysters, prawns, squid, crabs, and sardines. The plastic content varied among species, with sardines containing the highest levels. The study found plastic levels of 0.04 milligrams (mg) per gram of tissue in squid, 0.07mg in prawns, 0.1mg in oysters, 0.3mg in crabs, and 2.9mg in sardines.
Another study found that molluscs, such as mussels, oysters, and scallops, collected off the coasts of Asia contained the highest levels of microplastics among seafood. These types of seafood are more likely to carry microplastics because they are "bottom feeders," acting as a natural filtering system for the oceans.
The presence of microplastics in seafood raises concerns about potential health risks. While the health effects of ingesting microplastics are not yet fully understood, research on fish has shown evidence of neurotoxicity and oxidative damage. In addition, the chemicals carried by plastics, such as flame retardants and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), can end up in fish meat and may have adverse effects on human health.
To reduce exposure to microplastics, individuals can make lifestyle and dietary changes, such as avoiding plastic cutting boards and storage containers, limiting the consumption of bottled water, and reducing the use of single-use plastic products.
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Plastic in food packaging
Plastic is a highly versatile material used in a wide range of applications, including food packaging. It is valued for its durability, lightweight nature, and ability to preserve the freshness of food. However, the presence of plastic in food packaging has also raised concerns about potential health risks and environmental impacts.
Food packaging materials made from plastics, such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and polystyrene (PS), are commonly used in the food industry. These materials are favoured for their ability to control temperature and atmosphere, ensure food safety, and extend the shelf life of perishable goods. They also provide protection against microbial and chemical contamination and mechanical damage.
However, the extensive use of plastic in food packaging has led to the release of microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) into our food and drinks. Research has detected microplastics in various food items, including fish, shellfish, sugar, salt, beer, wine, rice, table salt, honey, fruits, and vegetables. It is estimated that adults consume up to 150,000 plastic particles annually, which is equivalent to ingesting up to 12 plastic shopping bags per year. The true number is likely higher, as only a small number of foods and drinks have been analysed for plastic contamination.
The health impacts of ingesting microplastics are still being studied, but there are concerns about potential risks. Some studies have shown that inhaling airborne microplastic fibres can cause respiratory inflammation, and research on fish has found evidence of neurotoxicity and oxidative damage. While the health effects in humans are not yet fully understood, experts suggest that high exposure to plastic particles could lead to adverse outcomes.
To address these concerns, alternatives to plastic packaging are being explored. Edible bioplastic packaging is proposed as a possible solution to reduce the health and environmental hazards associated with plastic packaging. Additionally, individuals can make lifestyle and dietary changes, such as reducing the use of plastic water bottles, cutting back on plastic food storage containers, and opting for glass or wooden alternatives to minimise their exposure to plastic particles.
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Plastic in the air
Plastic pollution has become a pressing issue, with plastic accumulating in the environment and causing problems for wildlife, their habitats, and human populations. One aspect of this pollution that has recently come to light is the presence of plastic in the air, or airborne microplastics. These tiny plastic particles, measuring 5mm or less in diameter, are not just found in remote areas or the oceans but are also present in the air we breathe. They can travel thousands of kilometres in a matter of days to weeks, spreading far and wide from their source.
Airborne microplastics are released at every stage of the plastics life cycle, from production and transport to use and disposal. They are especially prevalent in indoor air due to the erosion and breakage of consumer, domestic, and construction products, as well as the use of synthetic textiles. Activities such as opening plastic packaging or using a 3D printer can also release microplastics into the air. Once released, these particles can remain in the environment for a long time, with plastic taking up to 450 years to decompose.
The health impacts of inhaling microplastics are still being studied, but research has shown a range of adverse effects. Inhalation of microplastics has been linked to respiratory issues, including irritation, coughing, difficulty breathing, and a reduction in lung capacity. Chronic exposure may even lead to the onset of cancer. Microplastics can also carry and release other toxic chemicals and heavy metals, which can have additional health impacts.
While the full scope of the problem is still being understood, it is clear that plastic in the air is a serious issue. With plastic production expected to rise, regulators and consumers must take action to reduce plastic pollution and minimise the health risks associated with airborne microplastics.
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Health effects of ingesting plastic
The exact amount of plastic particulates that humans ingest is unknown, but it is estimated that people eat at least 50,000 plastic particles a year. The true number is likely to be much higher, as only a small number of foods and drinks have been analysed for plastic contamination.
The health effects of ingesting plastic are still being studied, but there is growing evidence that it is harmful to human health. Research has shown that microplastics can cause damage to human cells, including allergic reactions and cell death. They have also been found in the placentas of unborn babies and in the blood and lungs of adults.
Some of the potential health effects of ingesting plastic include:
- Heart disease and stroke: A recent study found that people with high levels of plastics in their arteries were at a higher risk for heart attacks, strokes, and death.
- Lung disorders: Airborne microplastic fibres have been found in the lungs of adults and have been shown to cause respiratory inflammation.
- Cancer: Microplastics can accumulate chemicals linked to various cancers, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs).
- Reproductive problems: Styrene, a chemical found in plastic, has been linked to reproductive issues.
- Weakened immune system: The small size of microplastics means they can penetrate human tissues and trigger immune reactions.
- Neurotoxicity: Research on fish that ingested microplastics found evidence of neurotoxicity, or chemical-induced alterations to the nervous system.
While the exact health effects of ingesting plastic are still being determined, it is clear that exposure to these particles is not beneficial to human health. Reducing exposure to plastic is important, and some ways to do this include using non-plastic containers, drinking tap water, and avoiding heating food or water in plastic.
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Frequently asked questions
According to a study published in the journal Environmental Science and Technology, adults eat about 50,000 microplastic particles per year, while children consume about 40,000. Another study estimates that the average person might eat 5 grams of microplastics in a week, which is about the weight of a credit card.
Plastic particulates can come from various sources, including drinking water, seafood, salt, honey, sugar, beer, and the air we breathe. Bottled water is a major source, with an average of 22 times more microplastic than tap water. Plastic cutting boards and food storage containers can also release microplastics into our food.
The health effects of ingesting microplastics are still being studied, but they are considered a high exposure risk. Some studies suggest that inhaling airborne microplastic fibers can cause respiratory inflammation, and ingesting them can lead to neurotoxicity and oxidative damage. The potential health risks depend on the individual's exposure and pre-existing conditions.
