Alexei Volkov
Plastic leaching is a process by which the chemicals in plastic leak out into the surrounding environment. Plastic products contain complex mixtures of extractable chemicals that can be toxic, and these chemicals are not firmly bound to their polymer cores. As a result, factors such as heat can cause these chemicals to break off and escape into the environment over time. This can occur when plastic containers are heated in the microwave, or when plastic litter breaks down in the environment. The chemicals that leach from plastic can be harmful to both the environment and human health, and it is important to take steps to reduce exposure and prevent further harm.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Plastic is heated | Leaching is more likely to occur and at a faster rate |
| Plastic is scratched or damaged | Higher risk of leaching |
| Plastic is old | More likely to leach |
| Plastic is clear, hard, and unbreakable | Likely to be polycarbonate plastic with BPA |
| Plastic is opaque | Likely to be BPA-free |
| Plastic is marked as microwave-safe | Likely to contain BPA |
| Plastic is handwash only | Likely to be BPA-free |
| Plastic has no recycling number | Likely to be made before July 2012 and contain BPA |
| Plastic has recycling number 7 | Likely to be polycarbonate plastic with BPA |
| Plastic is a food or drink container | Likely to contain BPA |
| Plastic is a vinyl product | Likely to contain BPA |
| Plastic is a fragrance with phthalates | Likely to contain BPA |
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What You'll Learn
Heat increases the rate of leaching
Plastic leaching is when the chemicals from plastic leak out into the surrounding environment. Plastic products contain complex mixtures of extractable chemicals that can be toxic. Heat is a factor that increases the rate of leaching. Heating plastics causes the chemicals within to break off and escape into the environment more quickly. For example, heating food in plastic containers in the microwave will cause more chemicals to leach and at a faster rate. Similarly, storing hot food in plastic containers and routinely exposing plastic containers to high temperatures, such as in a dishwasher, will increase the rate of leaching.
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a common food and beverage additive and a typical additive in polycarbonate plastics, which are hard, clear or clear-tinted, and unbreakable. It is often used to line metal containers, especially aluminium water bottles, to improve the taste of the water. However, BPA is known to leach into food and drinks, and it can affect the brain, the prostate gland of fetuses, infants, and children, and it might increase blood pressure. While the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) considers BPA to be safe at low levels, it is still recommended to reduce exposure to this chemical. New plastics are often BPA-free and labelled accordingly, but it is difficult to determine whether older plastics are BPA-free. Opaque plastics can be assumed to be BPA-free, while polycarbonate plastics will have a recycling number 7 on them. If a plastic container is labelled as unbreakable or microwave-safe, it likely contains BPA and should be discarded.
Other chemicals that are known to leach from plastics include polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), phthalates, brominated flame retardants (BFRs), and endocrine-disrupting chemicals. These chemicals are known as endocrine disruptors (EDCs) and can disrupt the hormonal systems once they enter the body. BFRs are applied to healthcare products to improve their safety and make them fire-resistant, but they can bioaccumulate in the body and transfer to babies in women's breast milk.
To reduce exposure to leached chemicals, it is recommended to avoid using certain types of plastic containers, especially for heating food or storing hot food. Switch to glass or steel utensils instead of plastic, and avoid using vinyl products. It is also important to dispose of any worn or damaged plastic containers, as they pose a higher risk of leaching.
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Plastic utensils and food packaging
Plastic food packaging also contains chemicals that can leach into food and disrupt the working of human cells. A Norwegian study tested chemicals from plastic items purchased in five countries and found that 18 out of 36 plastics contained chemicals that activated estrogen receptors, while 14 blocked androgen receptors. These chemicals are endocrine disruptors, which means they can interfere with the production and regulation of hormones.
To reduce exposure to harmful chemicals from plastic food packaging, it is recommended to choose glass, ceramic, or metal storage containers. Reusable cloth bags are also a more environmentally friendly option for shopping. Bioplastics, made from biodegradable and renewable sources, are another alternative to conventional plastics. While they may not be as strong, they are much more environmentally friendly.
Some specific chemicals to watch out for include bisphenols, such as BPA, and phthalates, which are commonly found in plastics. These chemicals are endocrine disruptors and have been linked to various health concerns, even at low levels. Fragrances that use phthalates will often have the word "parfum" mentioned. Water filters with activated carbon can help remove phthalates from drinking water.
Overall, it is important to minimize the use of plastic utensils and food packaging, especially when in contact with heat, to reduce exposure to potentially harmful chemicals that can leach into food and affect human health.
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Bisphenol A (BPA)
BPA can leach into food and drinks from plastic containers, especially when heated. It is important to avoid heating liquids or foods in containers that may contain BPA, as heat increases the amount of BPA that leaches into the contents. To identify if a plastic product contains BPA, you can look for the recycling codes or resin identification numbers usually found inside a triangle on the underside of the product. Codes 3 and 7 may indicate the presence of BPA, while codes 1, 2, 4, and 5 are generally considered BPA-free.
Products labelled "BPA-free" indicate that the manufacturer has not used this chemical in their production. However, it is important to note that the absence of BPA does not guarantee the product is completely safe, as other harmful chemicals may still be present. To minimize exposure to BPA, it is recommended to opt for alternative food storage materials such as glass, porcelain, or stainless steel, especially for hot food or liquids. Additionally, using baby bottles and drinking cups made of non-BPA plastic can help reduce exposure, especially for children who are more vulnerable to the potential health effects of BPA.
While there is controversy regarding the safety of BPA, with some groups stating it is harmful to humans, especially children, others argue that there is a long history of safe use and that concerns are exaggerated. Nonetheless, due to the potential health risks associated with BPA, it is crucial to stay informed and take necessary precautions to reduce exposure, especially for vulnerable populations.
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Brominated flame retardants (BFRs)
BFRs can be found in a wide range of plastic products, including household items, electronics, and recycled materials. They are commonly used in the electronics industry, with computers, plastic covers of television sets, carpets, pillows, paints, upholstery, and domestic kitchen appliances containing BFRs. Toys, kitchen utensils, and food packaging have also been found to contain BFRs, which can leach into food during cooking or when mouthed by children.
The persistence of BFRs allows them to accumulate and be detected in humans and the environment far from production or consumption sites. They have been linked to toxic effects, with some studies indicating their potential carcinogenicity. While regulations have been implemented to restrict the use of certain BFRs, their presence in recycled plastics can reintroduce them into new plastic product cycles, leading to increased exposure.
To identify if plastic products may contain BFRs, it is important to consider the type of product and its intended use. Electronics, textiles, and consumer appliances are more likely to contain BFRs. Visual inspection may not always be reliable, but looking for labels or certifications indicating the absence of BFRs can be helpful. Additionally, some organizations publish lists of products that have been found to contain BFRs, which can be used as a reference.
It is worth noting that the presence of BFRs in plastics does not always indicate immediate harm. While some studies suggest potential health risks, the extent of exposure and individual susceptibility play a role in determining any adverse effects. Regulatory bodies continue to assess the safety of BFRs and implement measures to minimize their impact on human health and the environment.
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Avoidance and reduction of plastic usage
Plastic pollution is a serious issue, and reducing plastic consumption requires a change in habits and mindset. Here are some detailed ways to avoid and reduce plastic usage:
Avoid Single-Use Plastics
Single-use plastics, such as plastic bags, bottles, and containers, are a significant contributor to plastic waste. Instead, opt for reusable alternatives. Carry a refillable water bottle, use your own utensils and straws, and bring containers from home for leftovers when dining out. Avoid plastic bags for produce and opt for cloth produce bags or leave items loose.
Buy in Bulk and Choose Alternative Packaging
Purchase pantry staples, such as rice and beans, in bulk and bring your own containers or cloth bags. Look for foods packaged in glass or metal containers, which are more easily recyclable. Avoid products with excessive packaging and choose alternatives like jam in glass jars instead of plastic containers.
Reuse and Repair
Extend the lifespan of plastic items by reusing and repairing them. Wash and reuse plastic containers, utensils, and bags. Donate or sell unwanted plastic items that are still in good condition instead of discarding them.
Recycle Properly
Recycling is an important step to manage plastic waste. Learn how to recycle plastic bags, wrap, and film in your area, as they require special handling. Participate in community recycling drives or donate used items to charities. When shopping, choose products made from recycled plastic materials, such as bubble wrap containing recycled plastic.
Reduce Plastic Usage in Daily Life
Switch from plastic to wooden pegs for hanging clothes. Opt for glass or stainless steel containers for storing food instead of plastic Tupperware. Choose shampoo bars, bar soap, and powdered detergents to reduce plastic packaging. Make your own cleaning products using eco-friendly recipes.
Remember, even small changes can have a significant impact in reducing plastic usage and protecting the environment.
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Frequently asked questions
If the plastic product is scratched, damaged, or worn, it poses a higher risk of leaching. Plastic products that are heated also increase the rate of leaching.
Plastic leaching has been found to induce in vitro toxicity, with effects including oxidative stress response, antiandrogenicity, and estrogenicity. These chemicals are known as endocrine disruptors (EDCs) and can disrupt the hormonal systems once they enter the body.
Some common leachable chemicals found in plastic include bisphenol A (BPA), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), phthalates, and brominated flame retardants (BFRs).
To reduce exposure to plastic leaching, avoid using certain types of plastic containers, especially when heating food or storing acidic foods. Opt for glass or steel utensils instead of plastic, and choose fresh, whole foods over processed foods packaged in plastic.
