Alexei Volkov
Container gardening is a convenient alternative to traditional gardening, especially for those with limited space. However, concerns have been raised about the safety of growing vegetables in plastic containers due to the potential for chemicals to leach into the soil and be absorbed by plants. While some plastics, such as HDPE and LDPE, are considered safe for growing vegetables, others like PVC contain chemicals like phthalates, which may pose health risks. It is recommended to use food-grade plastic containers or alternative materials like clay or wood to reduce potential health risks associated with chemical leaching.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Safety | It is generally safe to grow vegetables in plastic containers as long as the planter is made of certain types of plastic approved for use with food. |
| Plastic types to use | High-density polyethylene (HDPE), Low-density polyethylene (LDPE), Polypropylene, Polylactic acid (PLA) |
| Plastic types to avoid | Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC), Bisphenol A (BPA) |
| Concerns | Chemicals in plastic can leach out and be absorbed by the plants. |
| Mitigation | Use food-grade plastic containers, use plastic marked with a 4 or 5, use PP fabric liners, use plastic bags as a temporary greenhouse, use zinc sheets to line the planter |
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What You'll Learn
Safe plastics for planting vegetables
Container gardening is a convenient alternative to traditional gardening, especially for those with limited space. However, it is crucial to choose safe plastics for planting vegetables to avoid harmful chemicals leaching into your food.
High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE)
HDPE is a commonly recommended food-safe plastic for planting vegetables. It is often used in milk jugs, water bottles, trash bags, and some buckets. HDPE is also effective as sheeting to protect plants from chemicals in treated wood. However, it may not be suitable for prolonged outdoor use as exposure to the elements can cause it to break down over time.
Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE)
LDPE is another safe option for planting vegetables. Like HDPE, it is safe in a wide range of temperatures and can be used to shield plants from chemicals in treated wood. LDPE is identified by a triangle with the number 4 on the bottom of containers.
Polypropylene (PP)
PP is a strong plastic often used for caps and lids. It has a high melting point and is approved for food contact. PP fabric liners can be used to protect plants from chemicals in treated wood and as a cover to safeguard young plants from frost. PP containers are identified by the number 5 on the bottom.
Polylactic Acid (PLA)
PLA is a newer type of plastic derived from renewable resources like corn, wheat, and rice. It is compostable and considered a safe option for planting vegetables, reducing concerns about soil contamination.
When choosing plastic containers for planting vegetables, it is best to avoid certain types of plastics, such as Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), which can release harmful chemicals like Bisphenol A (BPA) over time, especially when heated. Type 7 plastics should also be avoided as some of them contain BPA, which has been linked to adverse health effects.
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Concerns about plastic containers
There are several concerns about using plastic containers for growing vegetables. Firstly, there is a risk of chemicals leaching from the plastic into the water, soil, and ultimately the vegetables themselves. While the organic chemicals in plastic can be decomposed by microbes in the soil, this process depends on various factors such as the chemical type, soil composition, temperature, and the specific microbial community present. Frequent watering can help mitigate this risk by washing away chemicals, but it is still a valid concern.
Secondly, certain types of plastic, such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), contain chemicals like phthalates, which enhance the material's durability and flexibility. However, phthalates are not considered safe for human exposure. Studies have found phthalates in various food groups, including fruits and vegetables, indicating potential absorption by plants. This raises concerns about the possible health risks associated with consuming vegetables grown in plastic containers.
Another concern is the presence of Bisphenol A (BPA) in plastics. While scientists disagree on the direct transfer of BPA into plants, it is a large molecule compared to the ions absorbed by plant roots. Therefore, the likelihood of BPA passing through cell walls into the plant is uncertain but possible.
Additionally, some people are hesitant to trust companies that claim their plastic products are 'food safe,' especially when exposed to outdoor elements and UV radiation. The breakdown of plastic containers over time due to exposure to environmental factors is also a consideration.
Lastly, there is a broader movement towards organic gardening and concerns about the safety of plastics in general, with an increasing focus on reducing plastic usage and its potential health and environmental impacts.
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Plastic alternatives
While it is possible to grow vegetables in plastic containers, concerns have been raised about the safety of plastics in regard to health. Some types of plastic are considered food-safe, but some contain toxic chemicals that can leach into the soil and get into plants. Therefore, it is recommended to use non-plastic planters and pots made from terracotta, ceramics, wood, or metal.
Terracotta
Terracotta pots are made from clay and are a natural, porous material that allows water and air to move through the walls of the pot. This helps with drainage and can also prevent overwatering, as excess water can evaporate through the sides of the pot.
Ceramics
Ceramics are another type of clay-based material that can be used for planting vegetables. Glazed ceramic pots are non-porous and can retain moisture, making them suitable for vegetables that require more water.
Wood
Wooden planters can add a natural look to your garden and are a good option for vegetable planting. They are durable and long-lasting but should be treated with a non-toxic sealant to protect them from the elements and prevent rot.
Metal
Metal planters are sturdy and long-lasting. They are often made from galvanized steel or aluminium, which are resistant to rust and corrosion. Metal planters can also conduct heat, which may be beneficial for plants that require warmer temperatures.
Landscape Fabric
If you are looking for an alternative to black plastic, landscape fabric is a good option. It is cost-effective, durable, and can be cut to the desired size. You can create holes for planting by cutting or burning. At the end of the season, simply lift and roll it up for storage.
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Container gardening benefits
Container gardening is a convenient and accessible alternative to traditional gardening. It is particularly useful for those with limited space or a short growing season. Here are some benefits of container gardening:
Accessibility
Container gardening is accessible to almost anyone, including children, the elderly, and those with limited mobility or disabilities. It is also a great way to teach children about responsibility and homesteading.
Space efficiency
Containers can be placed on windowsills, balconies, kitchen counters, patios, rooftops, and even indoors, making it possible to grow fresh vegetables and herbs in small spaces.
Flexibility and portability
Containers can be easily moved to suit your needs, whether that's to maximise sun exposure or to change up your decor. This also means that if you're renting, your edible garden can move with you.
Disease and pest control
Plants grown in containers tend to have fewer problems with diseases and pests compared to plants grown directly in the soil. If a problem does occur, it's easy to isolate the affected plant by relocating the pot.
Soil and fertiliser control
Container gardening gives you better control over your soil and fertiliser use. You can use high-quality soil to retain moisture and add soil amendments or homemade compost to keep your soil in good condition.
Weed control
Due to the small surface area of containers, weeds are less likely to become an issue. This saves time and effort on weeding and maintenance.
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Types of plastic to avoid
While it is generally safe to grow vegetables in plastic containers, it is important to avoid certain types of plastic due to the potential risk of chemical leaching. Here are the types of plastic that you should avoid when planting vegetables:
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
PVC, identified by the number 3 inside a triangle on the container, is a commonly used plastic known for its durability and flexibility. However, PVC products often contain chemicals called phthalates, which enhance their flexibility and durability. While these chemicals are beneficial for the material's physical properties, they are not considered safe for human health. Phthalates have been detected in various food groups, and exposure can occur through ingestion, inhalation, and skin contact. Therefore, it is advisable to avoid using PVC containers for planting vegetables.
Polystyrene
Polystyrene, identified by the number 6, is a widely used plastic found in items like packing peanuts, styrofoam cups, and meat trays. While it is generally deemed safe for food products, its safety for gardening is less clear. Polystyrene is porous, less sturdy, and prone to breaking down. It may not be the best choice for planting vegetables, especially considering the concerns about microwaving polystyrene products with food.
Plastic Type 7
Type 7 plastic is a catch-all category for plastics that do not fit into the first six categories. While there may be some safe options within this group, it is recommended to avoid using them in gardening due to safer alternatives. Some type 7 plastics contain Bisphenol A (BPA), a harmful compound linked to adverse health effects. To ensure the health and safety of yourself and those consuming the vegetables, it is best to steer clear of type 7 plastics in your garden.
Bisphenol A (BPA)
BPA is a compound found in some plastics that has raised concerns among gardeners and consumers. While scientists disagree about its impact on plants, it is a relatively large molecule compared to the ions absorbed by plant roots. To be cautious, it is recommended to avoid using plastics containing BPA for planting vegetables.
When choosing plastic containers for planting vegetables, always opt for those stamped as ""food safe." Additionally, plastics already used for food storage, such as HDPE and LDPE, are generally considered safe for gardening as well.
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Frequently asked questions
Yes, it is generally considered safe to grow vegetables in plastic containers, provided the plastic is stamped as being food-safe. It is best to use containers made of High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) or Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) as these plastics are safe in a wide range of temperatures and are not known to transmit chemicals into the soil or food.
Plastic containers made of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) should be avoided as they contain chemicals known as phthalates, which have been found to be absorbed by plants and are a health concern. Plastic containers marked with a 5, made of polypropylene, should also be avoided as they are not as safe as HDPE or LDPE and may leach chemicals.
Yes, plastic containers are a convenient alternative to traditional gardens, especially for those with limited space or a short growing season. They are also lightweight and portable, making them easy to move around.
Some people may have concerns about the chemicals in plastic leaching into the soil and being absorbed by the plants. While scientists have not proven that this is harmful, it is a valid concern, and some may prefer to use alternative containers such as clay or wooden pots.
