Maya Ellison
Plastic pipes are used for plumbing in industrial and residential systems worldwide. The most common type of plastic water pipe is LLDPE (linear low-density polyethylene). Other types include PVC (polyvinyl chloride), CPVC (chlorinated PVC), PEX (cross-linked polyethylene), and ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene). The choice of tubing material depends on its chemical compatibility, temperature rating, and pressure of the fluid it will carry.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Full Form | PVC: Polyvinyl Chloride |
| CPVC: Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride | |
| PEX: Cross-Linked Polyethylene | |
| LLDPE: Linear Low-Density Polyethylene | |
| Common Uses | PVC: Main water lines |
| CPVC: Drinking water lines, hot water lines, industrial plumbing | |
| PEX: Household plumbing, hot and cold water pipes, freshwater kitchen and bathroom systems | |
| LLDPE: Water filters, countertop faucets, ice machines, under-sink water filters | |
| Pros | PVC: Affordable, durable, recyclable, no BPA, versatile, easy to work with |
| CPVC: More heat-resistant than PVC, durable | |
| PEX: Flexible, inexpensive, easy to work with, lightweight, comes in different colours | |
| LLDPE: Robust, recommended for use with cold and intermittent hot water, sturdy yet flexible, broad chemical compatibility | |
| Cons | PVC: Becomes brittle over time when exposed to sunlight or high temperatures, lacks heat resistance |
| CPVC: Slightly more costly than PVC, shorter lifespan |
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What You'll Learn
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
PVC is widely used in the building and construction industry, replacing traditional materials such as wood, metal, and concrete due to its versatility, durability, and low cost. It is often used for pipes, siding, fascia, gutters, and downspouts, as well as windows, roofing, fencing, and flooring. PVC pipes are known for their strong resistance to chemicals, sunlight, oxidation from water, and corrosion. They are also affordable, recyclable, and can last up to 70 years without developing rust or corrosion. However, they are not suitable for hot water applications as they warp at temperatures above 140°F and can become brittle over time when exposed to high heat.
In the healthcare sector, PVC is used for blood bags, tubing, and medical devices. It plays a critical role in dispensing life-saving medicine through IV bags and medical tubing. PVC blood collection bags have revolutionized ambulatory medicine and modern blood banks. Additionally, PVC is used for packaging in the form of clear vinyl for tamper-resistant over-the-counter medications and shrink wrap. Rigid vinyl film protects medicines, personal care products, and household goods.
PVC is also used in the electronics and automotive industries for wire and cable insulation, as well as in toys, clothing, and other consumer products. It is derived from vinyl chloride, which is mainly sourced from salt and natural gas. Manufacturers aim to maximize the conversion of vinyl chloride into PVC to make efficient use of this abundant and inexpensive raw material.
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Cross-linked Polyethylene (PEX)
Cross-linked polyethylene, commonly abbreviated as PEX, XPE, or XLPE, is a type of plastic water pipe used in plumbing and electrical applications. It is one of the newest types of plastic plumbing pipes on the market today. PEX pipes are made from high-density polyethylene (HDPE) with cross-linked bonds in the polymer structure, changing the thermoplastic to a thermoset. This cross-linking process significantly improves the chemical, thermal, and mechanical properties of the polymer.
PEX pipes offer several advantages over traditional piping materials such as galvanised steel, copper, and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes. One of the biggest advantages is their flexibility, which makes PEX installation quicker and easier than that of other pipe types. The flexibility of PEX pipes allows plumbers to run long lines with minimal connection sites. PEX pipes are also suitable for both hot and cold drinking water applications, with a maximum conductor temperature of 90°C and an emergency rating of 140°C.
In terms of durability, PEX pipes offer improved creep behaviour, resisting creep deformation and maintaining high strength and hardness at very high temperatures. They also exhibit low-temperature impact strength, abrasion resistance, and environmental stress-cracking resistance. Additionally, PEX pipes are non-reactive and corrosion-resistant, addressing common issues associated with metal piping.
When choosing PEX pipes, it is important to consider their chemical compatibility, temperature rating, and pressure rating to ensure they are suitable for the specific application. PEX tubing typically comes in larger diameters, ranging from 1/2" to 1 1/2", and is commonly used in household plumbing systems. PEX pipes are also used in building services pipework systems, hydronic radiant heating and cooling systems, insulation for high-voltage electrical cables, and natural gas and offshore oil applications.
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Chlorinated PVC (CPVC)
Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) is a thermoplastic produced by chlorination of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) resin. CPVC is a PVC homopolymer that has been treated with chlorine, making it more resistant to high temperatures and pressures than standard PVC. This treatment process increases the number of chlorine atoms in the compound, which protect the carbon backbone chain from attack. The chlorine content of base PVC can be increased from 56.7% to as high as 74%, though commercial CPVC resins typically contain 63% to 69% chlorine.
CPVC is a flexible and versatile compound that can be fabricated into various product forms and geometries using standard molding techniques, such as extrusion and injection moulding. It is easy to weld and cut, making it ideal for applications like tower packing, specialty exhaust hoods, and holding tanks for acids and bases. Due to its corrosion resistance and ability to withstand higher temperatures, CPVC is commonly used in chemical processing plants, residential homes, and hotel plumbing.
One of the key advantages of CPVC is its ability to withstand corrosive water at temperatures greater than PVC by 40-50 °C (72-90 °F). This makes it a popular choice for water-piping systems in residential and commercial construction, including hot and cold water lines. CPVC's maximal operating temperature is 200 °F (93 °C), and it experiences less condensation formation, better maintaining water temperature.
However, it is important to note that CPVC pipes are slightly more costly than PVC pipes, and their lifespan is typically around 20 to 25 years. Additionally, the incineration of CPVC can result in the creation of chlorinated dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans, which are dangerous substances that can bioaccumulate.
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Linear Low-Density Polyethylene (LLDPE)
Polyvinyl chloride pipes, or PVC pipes, are the most common plastic plumbing pipes. They are affordable, durable, and recyclable, making them an environmentally friendly option. However, they are not suitable for hot water applications as they warp at temperatures higher than 140°F.
Cross-linked polyethylene, or PEX, is another type of plastic plumbing pipe. PEX is more flexible than PVC, making it quicker and easier to install. It is suitable for both hot and cold drinking water applications.
Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, or ABS, is a sturdy plastic that was one of the first plastics used for residential plumbing. ABS pipes are always black and tend to be softer than PVC. They are commonly used for vent and drain lines, as well as other outdoor underground applications where cold temperatures are common.
Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride, or CPVC, is a type of PVC that has been treated with chlorine, making it more resistant to high temperatures and pressures. It is commonly used in industrial plumbing and residential hot water lines that standard PVC is not suitable for.
High-density polyethylene, or HDPE, is a tough and durable material that can be used for virtually all plumbing needs. It reduces water pressure due to its low coefficient of friction, allowing water to flow easily.
Linear low-density polyethylene, or LLDPE, is the most common type of plastic water pipe. It is more robust than traditional low or medium-density polyethylene and is recommended for use with cold and intermittent hot water. LLDPE tubing is manufactured with FDA-approved materials and provides a wide range of temperature and pressure suitability, as well as broad chemical compatibility. It is commonly used in water purification, water conditioners, ice makers, and misting systems. LLDPE has unique melt flow properties and is typically processed using blow moulding, film extrusion, or injection moulding. Film extrusion is the dominant processing method for LLDPE.
LLDPE is not environmentally friendly and is difficult to recycle. It is used in many single-use applications and makes up a large percentage of environmental pollution. However, it can be recycled into new items such as industrial bins, composite lumber, flooring, and new plastic films. LLDPE is non-reactive and can be stored without the risk of off-gassing. It does not have any adverse effects on human health when in direct contact with skin.
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High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE)
HDPE pipes are used in plumbing for their toughness and durability. They can be used for virtually all plumbing needs and can reduce water pressure due to their low coefficient of friction, allowing water to flow easily. HDPE is also corrosion-resistant, making it a good choice for plumbing applications where metal pipes could corrode or rust.
The density of HDPE ranges from 0.93 to 0.97 g/cm3, which is only marginally higher than LDPE (Low-Density Polyethylene). However, HDPE has a linear structure with little branching, resulting in stronger intermolecular forces and tensile strength. This gives HDPE a higher specific strength, allowing it to safely carry heavy loads.
HDPE is easily recyclable, helping to reduce plastic waste and production. It is also FDA-approved for food-grade applications and is used in industrial-grade sheets for its low-maintenance, safe, and long-lasting properties. HDPE is also used in the pyrotechnics trade for mortars, as it is more durable and safer than steel or PVC tubes, tearing instead of shattering in a malfunction.
Overall, High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) is a highly versatile and durable plastic material with a wide range of applications, including plumbing, where its strength, corrosion resistance, and ease of recyclability make it a popular choice.
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Frequently asked questions
There are several types of plastic water pipes, including PVC, CPVC, PEX, LLDPE, and HDPE.
PVC stands for polyvinyl chloride. It is one of the most common types of plastic plumbing pipes and is used for main water lines, but not hot water applications.
PVC pipes are affordable, durable, recyclable, and easy to work with. They can stay in good condition for up to 70 years and do not corrode or contain BPA.
