Omar Khalid
Plastic pipe sizing is a complex topic that requires careful consideration to avoid mishaps, plumbing malfunctions, and project delays. The size of plastic pipes, typically made of PVC, is an important factor in determining the flow rate of fluids passing through them. PVC pipes come in various sizes, ranging from 1/8 to 24 and larger, with their dimensions based on either imperial or metric measurements. The imperial system, commonly used in the UK, measures pipe sizes in inches, while the metric system uses millimeters, referring to the outside diameter (OD) of the pipe. Nominal pipe sizes are also used, indicating the inner diameter (ID) or \hole\ size, which may vary slightly between manufacturers. To ensure proper fitting, it's crucial to distinguish between OD and ID measurements and follow sizing charts or manufacturer markings on the pipes. Different pipe schedules, such as Schedule 40, 80, and 120, offer varying thicknesses and pressure ratings suitable for specific applications.
Plastic Pipe Sizes
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Sizing System | Imperial (inches) and Metric (millimeters) |
| Imperial Sizing | Designated by nominal bore (NB) or inside diameter (ID) |
| Metric Sizing | Relates to the outside diameter (OD) |
| Pipe Sizes | Range from 1/8" to 24" and larger |
| Pipe Types | Schedule 40, Schedule 80, and Schedule 120 |
| Schedule 40 Colour | White or silver, but can vary |
| Schedule 80 and 120 Colour | Gray |
| Schedule 40 Thickness | Thinner than Schedule 80 and 120 |
| Schedule 40 Pressure Rating | Lower than Schedule 80 |
| Schedule 120 Thickness | One of the thickest pipes available |
| Schedule 120 Pressure Rating | 380 to 1,010 PSI |
| Lengths | 5.8 metres or 6 metres |
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What You'll Learn
Plastic pipe sizing systems: Metric vs. Imperial
Plastic pipe sizing is a confusing topic, with many variables to consider. Firstly, it is important to note that pipe sizes are not standardised worldwide and can be measured in two main systems: Metric and Imperial. The Metric system is the more modern of the two and is based on powers of ten, making calculations and conversions easier. This system is commonly used in Europe and is gaining popularity in the UK. It uses units such as millimetres, centimetres and meters. On the other hand, the Imperial system is an older system that is well-established in the UK and the USA. It uses measurements such as inches, feet and yards.
When it comes to PVC pipe sizing specifically, there are a few things to keep in mind. Firstly, PVC pipes are sized based on their internal diameter or "ID", which refers to the measurement of the inner hole of the pipe. This is different from the Outside Diameter or "OD", which is the measurement from edge to edge of the pipe. It is important to note that the Inside Diameter (ID) may not be exact and can vary slightly depending on the manufacturer. When purchasing PVC pipes, it is crucial to check the markings on the side of the pipe, which indicate the size in either decimal or fractional form, such as "1.25" (for 1-1/4 inches) or "3/4" (for 3/4 inch).
The choice between Metric and Imperial sizing systems depends on several factors. Firstly, consider the country you are in and the standard system used there. For example, the Imperial system is commonly used in the USA, while the Metric system is predominant in Europe. Additionally, the specific application and industry standards should be considered. Many plumbing codes and standards rely on Imperial measurements, so contractors in these fields will typically use fittings measured in inches.
It is important to note that fittings are typically supplied with Imperial/Inch references, allowing for easy adaptation between the two systems. However, it is always advisable to seek professional advice when in doubt to ensure the right system is in place and to avoid leaks and failures due to improper fittings.
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How to measure plastic pipe
Measuring plastic pipe can be a challenging process. The size of a plastic pipe is determined by its internal diameter, which is the measurement of the inner "hole" of the pipe. However, many people mistakenly measure the outside diameter, which can lead to purchasing a pipe that is larger than needed. Here are some tips on how to accurately measure a plastic pipe:
First, check for manufacturer marks on the side of the pipe. These markings are typically located near the manufacturer's name and will indicate the size in either decimal or fractional form, such as '1.25' (for 1-1/4 inches) or "3/4" (for 3/4 inch). If there are no markings, you will need to measure the pipe yourself.
To measure the pipe, you will need to determine both the outside diameter (OD) and the inside diameter (ID). The outside diameter refers to the measurement taken from one outer edge of the pipe to the other, spanning its full diameter. The inside diameter represents the measurement of the inner diameter or "bore" of the pipe, from one side directly to the other. It is important to note that the inside diameter is considered an average measurement and may vary slightly depending on the specific pipe and its manufacturer.
After taking these measurements, you can compare them to a pipe size chart to determine the nominal pipe size. It is important to use a chart because the dimensions can be deceiving without one. For example, a pipe with an OD of 1.660" is actually a 1-1/4" size pipe, not a 1-1/2" size as one might assume. Additionally, keep in mind that the nominal pipe size is just a name, and the actual diameter of the pipe may not match the size indicated.
Finally, when ordering fittings or accessories for your project, always refer to the nominal pipe size indicated on the pipe or the sizing chart. This will ensure that you get the correct size and avoid any sizing issues. Additionally, remember that PVC pipe uses a different sizing system than other types of pipe, such as copper tube sizing (CTS). A 2" PVC fitting will fit on a 2" nominal size PVC pipe but not on a 2" piece of copper tube size pipe.
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PVC pipe dimensions
The dimensions of a PVC pipe are determined by its internal diameter (ID) or outside diameter (OD). The standard PVC pipe size ranges from 1/8" to 24" and larger. The inner diameter of Schedule 40 pipes is what defines their size. The inner diameter of Schedule 80 pipes is smaller than that of Schedule 40 pipes, resulting in a thicker wall and higher pressure rating.
The size of a PVC pipe can be determined by examining the markings on the side of the pipe, typically located near the manufacturer's name. These markings indicate the size in either decimal or fractional form, such as '1.25' (for 1-1/4 inches) or "3/4" (for 3/4 inch). In the case of Pipeworks Structural Grade PVC pipe, it is not labelled with size markings, so the pipe must be measured to determine its size. Both the outside and inside diameters can be measured.
It is important to note that the inside diameter of a PVC pipe is not exact but usually very close to the measurement. It may have slight variations depending on the specific pipe and its manufacturer. The outside diameter of a PVC pipe is the same as the nominal pipe size, and all fittings are called by their nominal size. For example, a 2" PVC fitting will always fit a piece of 2" nominal size PVC pipe.
PVC pipe sizes can be found in both metric and imperial units. Metric pipe outer dimensions match the physical pipe size. For example, a 50mm plastic PVC pipe will be 50mm from edge to edge.
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Pipe schedules and their uses
The size of a pipe is typically indicated by markings on the side of the pipe, near the manufacturer's name. These markings are usually in decimal or fractional form, such as '1.25' (for 1-1/4 inches) or "3/4" (for 3/4 inch). In the UK, the most commonly used pipework sizing system has been the Imperial (inch-based) system. However, with the introduction of the metric sizing system, both Imperial and Metric systems are now used, leading to some confusion. Metric pipes are sized in millimetres and relate to the outside diameter (OD), while Imperial pipes are sized in inches and relate to the nominal bore (NB) or inside diameter (ID). It's important to note that pipes from these different systems cannot be mixed without using a special conversion fitting.
PVC pipes are classified into various schedules, including schedule 40, schedule 80, and schedule 120, each with its own specific applications. Schedule 40 pipes are typically white or silver, although they can be found in other colours. They are thinner than schedule 80 and 120 pipes, allowing fluids to pass through faster. Despite their thinner walls, schedule 40 pipes can withstand high pressure, even in cold water systems. The size of schedule 40 pipes is defined by the internal diameter (ID) or the measurement of the inner "hole" of the pipe.
Schedule 80 pipes, on the other hand, have a smaller inner diameter than schedule 40 pipes, resulting in thicker walls and a higher pressure rating. Both schedule 40 and schedule 80 pipes have the same outer diameter measurements, allowing their fittings to be used interchangeably. However, due to the lower pressure rating of schedule 40 pipes, it is not recommended to use them in a primarily schedule 80 pipe system.
Schedule 120 pipes are one of the thickest pipes available on the market and are commonly used in non-corrosive or general corrosive projects with less reactive ingredients. They are often utilised in automotive and construction industries for maximum durability. The thickness of schedule 120 pipes helps regulate mild to high-pressure systems, with a rating of 380 to 1,010 PSI.
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Ordering pipe valves
When ordering pipe valves, it is important to consider the size of the pipe and the specific application. PVC pipe valves are available in a range of sizes, from 1/8" to 24" and larger. It is important to note that PVC pipe sizes are determined by the internal diameter (ID) rather than the outside diameter (OD). The ID is considered an average measurement and may vary slightly depending on the specific pipe and manufacturer. Therefore, it is crucial to refer to the manufacturer's markings on the side of the pipe when ordering valves or accessories.
To ensure compatibility, it is recommended to purchase valves and pipes from the same manufacturer. This helps ensure that the fittings match the pipe size, as there may be slight variations in sizing across different manufacturers. Additionally, some pipes may not have size markings, in which case it is necessary to measure the pipe's OD and ID to determine the correct valve size.
When selecting a pipe valve, it is important to consider the specific application and flow control requirements. PVC valves are available in various types, including ball valves, check valve styles, gate valve options, control valves, swing check valve assemblies, and compact butterfly valves. Ball valves, for example, are commonly used in residential settings for irrigation lines, shut-off points, and drainage systems, providing precise control over fluid flow.
In commercial buildings, PVC valves are essential for fluid regulation in kitchens, restrooms, and cooling systems. In agricultural environments, foot valve installations support water intake in greenhouses, while pressure-reducing valve setups help manage delicate nutrient flows. For industrial applications, PVC valves are often used for wastewater handling, chemical containment, and light processing, offering high resistance to corrosion at a lower cost compared to stainless steel.
When ordering pipe valves, it is advisable to consider the specific industry and compliance requirements. PVC valves are widely used across industries, including manufacturing, chemical processing, oil and gas, water treatment, and power generation. They offer a cost-effective and durable solution, especially in systems where metal components may corrode or degrade. Additionally, PVC valves provide adaptability, making them suitable for basic residential setups as well as complex industrial applications.
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Frequently asked questions
Plastic pipes come in a variety of sizes, with internal diameters ranging from 1/8" to 24" or larger. The size you need will depend on the project.
You can measure a plastic pipe by measuring the outside diameter (OD) from the right outer edge to the left outer edge. You can then pair this measurement with the "Average OD" on a pipe sizing chart. Do note that the inner diameter (ID) may be different depending on the pipe schedule.
Pipe scheduling refers to the different thicknesses of pipes. Schedule 40 pipes are thinner than Schedule 80 and Schedule 120 pipes, allowing fluids to pass through faster. Schedule 120 pipes are one of the thickest pipes on the market and are used to slow down mild to high-pressure systems.
Imperial pipe sizes are designated by their nominal bore (NB) or inside diameter (ID) and are sized in inches. Metric sizes, on the other hand, relate to the outside diameter (OD) of the pipe and are sized in millimetres.
You can purchase plastic pipes in various sizes from hardware stores or online retailers such as epco Plastics and PVC Fittings Online.
