Alexei Volkov
Fermentation is a process that involves the conversion of carbohydrates to alcohol or organic acids using microorganisms like yeast and bacteria. Plastic and fermentation are often considered incompatible due to safety concerns and the potential impact on the final product. The type of plastic used is crucial, with some varieties being more suitable for fermentation than others. Concerns about plastic's permeability, difficulty in sterilisation, odour retention, and the possibility of chemical leaching into the fermented product contribute to the perception that plastic and fermentation don't mix. However, some people do use plastic for fermentation, particularly for homebrewing.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Plastic is safe for fermentation | Yes, but only if it is food-grade, BPA-free, and not scratched or worn down |
| Plastic is easy to sterilize | No, it is hard to sterilize without melting it |
| Plastic is easy to clean | Yes, it is easier to clean than glass due to reduced weight |
| Plastic is cheaper than glass | Yes |
| Plastic is easier to move than glass | Yes |
| Plastic is hard to break | Yes |
| Plastic holds odors | Yes, which can impact the flavor of later ferments |
| Plastic is permeable | Yes, more so than glass |
| Plastic is prone to scratching | Yes |
| Plastic is prone to contamination | Yes, more so than glass |
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What You'll Learn
Plastic can be hard to sterilise and may melt
Plastic can be challenging to sterilise without melting, and it may also melt during the fermentation process. The type of plastic used is crucial; HDPE buckets and PET containers are suitable for fermentation, while food-grade plastic labelled as BPA-free is recommended to avoid chemical contamination. However, scratched or worn plastic containers can harbour bacteria and are more challenging to clean effectively. Glass containers are often preferred for fermentation as they are easier to sanitise and less prone to contamination. They are also impermeable to oxygen, making them ideal for long-term fermentation.
The choice between plastic and glass fermentation containers ultimately depends on personal preference and specific fermentation requirements. Plastic containers are lightweight, easy to move, and hard to break. They are also cheaper to ship and easier to clean due to their reduced weight. On the other hand, glass containers are generally more expensive and can incur high shipping costs. They need to be handled with care as they are slippery and heavy when wet. Glass containers also need to be kept in a dark location or draped to prevent skunking from direct sunlight.
While plastic containers can be used for fermentation, they may not be ideal for long-term ferments as they are more permeable than glass. Plastic also has the potential to absorb and retain flavours and odours, which can impact the taste of subsequent ferments. Additionally, certain types of plastic may leach chemicals into the fermented product, posing potential health risks. Therefore, it is essential to choose the right type of plastic that is specifically designed for fermentation and food storage.
To ensure the safety of the fermented product, it is recommended to inspect plastic containers regularly for any signs of discolouration, cracks, or weakening. It is also crucial to select containers with a tight seal to prevent air and contaminants from affecting the fermentation process. While plastic containers may be more prone to scratching and bacterial growth, proper cleaning and sanitising practices can help mitigate these issues. This includes using appropriate cleaning solutions and avoiding overly abrasive cleaners that can scratch the surface.
Overall, while plastic can be challenging to sterilise and may melt during fermentation, it is possible to use plastic containers safely by choosing the right type of plastic, maintaining container integrity, and adhering to proper cleaning and sanitising procedures. However, for long-term ferments or particularly sensitive products, glass containers may be a more suitable option due to their impermeability and lower risk of contamination.
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Plastic may hold odours and impact flavour
Plastic is not inherently bad for fermentation, but it is essential to be selective about the type of plastic used. The safety of the food being fermented is paramount, and some types of plastic can leach chemicals into the food during the fermentation process.
Food-grade plastic, such as HDPE (High-Density Polyethylene) and PET, is generally considered safe for fermentation. These plastics are tested to be non-toxic for food contact and are less likely to break down, even when exposed to acidic foods. However, it is worth noting that not all plastics are created equal, and some may still leach chemicals even if they are labelled as food-grade.
One of the main concerns with using plastic for fermentation is its tendency to hold onto odours and impact the flavour of the ferment. Plastic is known to absorb and retain smells, which can then be transferred to the food being fermented. This can be especially noticeable when fermenting pungent foods like kimchi or sauerkraut. Additionally, plastic is more permeable than glass, which means it may not be suitable for long-term ferments as it can allow for oxygen transfer, impacting the final product.
Plastic containers that are scratched or worn down are also more prone to bacterial growth. The scratches create crevices for bacteria to hide and multiply, which can then contaminate the ferment. For this reason, it is generally recommended to use glass for ferments that require a more sterile environment, such as lacto-fermentation, as it is easier to sanitise and less prone to scratching.
While plastic may have its drawbacks when it comes to fermentation, it is still a popular choice due to its affordability, durability, and ease of use. Many home brewers and fermenters opt for plastic buckets or containers, especially when starting, as they are cheaper, lighter, and easier to move and clean than glass or stainless steel alternatives.
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Plastic is more permeable than glass
Fermentation typically involves the use of glass containers, although plastic containers are also used. However, it is important to note that not all plastics are suitable for fermentation. HDPE and PET plastics are considered the best types of plastic for fermentation.
The permeability of plastic bottles is a recognized issue in the industry, and some manufacturers have begun using materials like polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) to act as a barrier to gas release. However, it is worth noting that glass bottles are not completely impermeable and can also allow small amounts of gas to escape over time.
Another consideration when choosing between plastic and glass for fermentation is the potential for leaching. Plastic containers, especially when used incorrectly or stored in extreme conditions, can leach chemicals into the contents. This is a particular concern with certain chemicals like bisphenol A (BPA), which has been linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Glass bottles, on the other hand, have high resistance to leaching due to their solid surface and the dealkalization process they undergo, making them a safer option for storing certain liquids, especially alcohol-based ones.
In summary, while plastic containers may be more convenient for transportation due to their lightweight and durable nature, glass is often preferred for fermentation because of its lower permeability and higher resistance to leaching.
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Plastic may leach chemicals
Plastic products contain complex mixtures of extractable chemicals that can be toxic. Research suggests that all plastics may leach chemicals if they are scratched or heated. A study found that between 1 and 88% of plastic chemicals associated with one product were migrating. This implies that most plastic chemicals remain unknown.
The study investigated the toxicological and chemical profiles leaching into water from 24 everyday plastic products covering eight polymer types. Migration experiments were performed over 10 days at 40 °C, and the migrates were analyzed using four in vitro bioassays and nontarget high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MSE). All migrates induced baseline toxicity, with many also inducing an oxidative stress response, antiandrogenicity, and estrogenicity.
One of the chemicals that may leach from plastic is bisphenol A (BPA). BPA is a weak synthetic estrogen found in many rigid plastic products. It can act as a hormone disruptor, affecting how estrogen and other hormones act in the body by blocking or mimicking them, which can throw off the body's hormonal balance. Exposure to BPA, especially at certain levels, may cause cancer in people. In 2011, a study found that pregnant women with high levels of BPA in their urine were more likely to have daughters who showed signs of hyperactivity, anxiety, and depression.
Due to the potential health risks associated with plastic leaching, it is important to be cautious when using plastic for fermentation. While some types of plastic, such as HDPE and PET, are considered safe for fermentation, it is important to avoid using scratched or heated plastic containers, as this can increase the risk of chemical leaching. Additionally, it is recommended to use glass, porcelain, enamel-covered metal, or stainless steel containers for food and beverages, especially if they are heated.
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Glass is easier to sanitise and lasts longer
Fermentation is a delicate process, and brewers must be careful with the type of plastic they use for fermentation. Plastic is hard to sterilize without melting and can hold on to flavours and odours, which can impact the flavour of future ferments. Plastic is also more permeable than glass, so it may not be suitable for long-term ferments.
While glass is more environmentally friendly than plastic, it is important to note that glass production has a higher environmental footprint than plastic due to the high temperatures required for production and the environmental damage caused by silica sand mining. However, plastic bottles are less environmentally damaging than glass bottles due to the lower melting point and less energy-intensive manufacturing process.
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Frequently asked questions
Plastic and fermentation can mix, but it depends on the type of plastic. Some food-safe plastics such as HDPE and PET are suitable for fermentation, but it's important to ensure that the plastic is BPA-free and free of harmful chemicals to avoid leaching.
Using the wrong type of plastic for fermentation can lead to chemical leaching, which may contaminate the fermented product. Additionally, scratched or worn plastic containers can harbour unwanted microorganisms, potentially causing infections.
Check for a "food-grade" or "BPA-free" label to ensure the plastic is safe for food contact. Inspect the container regularly for any scratches, cracks, or discolouration, as these can indicate that it's time to replace the container.
Plastic containers are lightweight, stackable, and easy to clean. They are also cheaper and more durable than glass alternatives, reducing the risk of breakage during shipping or handling.
Glass and stainless steel are common alternatives to plastic for fermentation. Glass is impermeable to oxygen, scratch-resistant, and easy to sanitise, while stainless steel is a durable and long-lasting option.
