Maya Ellison
Connecting plastic drain pipes is a common plumbing task that can be completed through various methods. Plastic pipes, particularly PVC pipes, are standard for plumbing due to their safety, durability, affordability, and ease of installation. This guide will explore the different techniques for connecting plastic drain pipes, including the use of couplings, fittings, and glue, as well as important considerations for a successful and secure connection.
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What You'll Learn
Planning the drainage system
Materials
The drainage pipes shall be made of approved materials such as HDPE, PVC, ABS, uPVC, Cast Iron, Galvanized Steel, Lead, Copper, or Brass. Plastic pipes are easy to cut with a standard hacksaw, but extra care is needed during winter due to increased brittleness. Concrete and clay pipes are preferred in specific applications for their greater structural strength and reduced backfill material requirements.
Joints and Connections
Joints and connections must be gas-tight and watertight, except for perforated or open-joint piping used for collecting groundwater or seepage water. Various joint types can be used, including threaded, brazed, soldered, welded, flanged, and compression joints.
Venting
Vent pipes are essential to protect against siphonage and back pressure and to ensure proper air circulation throughout the drainage system. These pipes supply fresh air, facilitate water flow, and prevent sewer gases from entering the building. Vent pipes should terminate at least 6 inches above the roof and should be sloped to drain by gravity into the drainage system.
Fixture Traps
Fixture traps create a liquid seal that prevents odours, gases, and vermin from entering the building. The trap size should be sufficient to drain rapidly, and the liquid seal should be between 2 and 4 inches.
Cleanouts
Cleanouts provide access to the main sewer line and are required on drainage pipes within a building or on a private sewer. They should be easily accessible for cleaning and installed at changes of direction in the piping.
Hydraulic Capacity
It is crucial to plan for adequate hydraulic capacity to meet current and future demands on the system. Failing to do so can lead to blockages, flooding, and structural failure. Foul water drainage systems are required by law to be self-cleansing, meaning that gravity and water pressure should be sufficient to drive wastewater into sewer systems.
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Choosing the correct pipe size
There are a few standard methods to determine the correct size of drain pipes, most of which refer to plumbing codes and guidelines. One common approach is the fixture unit method, which uses the total Drainage Fixture Units (DFU) count to look up the required pipe diameter in plumbing code tables. Another method is the Hunter's Curve, which is a graph correlating the fixture units with the drainage load in gallons per minute (GPM) and provides recommended pipe diameters.
The most common sizes of pipes used in homes are 1½, 2, 3, and 4-inch pipes. The size of the pipe depends on the application. For example, a 1½-inch pipe is used to capture water from a kitchen sink, a bathroom vanity, or a tub, while a 2-inch pipe is used to drain a shower stall or washing machine. A 3-inch pipe is used for toilets, and a 4-inch pipe is used as the building drain to transport wastewater from the home out to the septic tank or sewer.
For sink drain pipes, the most common sizes are 1 ¼ inches, 1 ½ inches, and 2 inches in diameter. The right size depends on the size and water capacity of your sink, as well as local building codes. Manufacturers often print recommended drain pipe sizes on sink packaging, so it's important to consider the expected flow of water when choosing a pipe size.
It's also important to consider the pipe material, as this can affect the size you should install. For example, cast iron and PVC pipes have different measurements, and the distance from your home to the municipal sewer line will determine the size of the drain pipe you need. Consulting a professional plumber is always recommended to ensure that you are choosing the appropriate drain size and following standard codes and regulations.
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Using a drainage pipe coupler
Connecting plastic drain pipes using a drainage pipe coupler is a straightforward process. Drainage pipe couplers are small pipe fittings with two sockets, one male and one female, that join two lengths of pipe together. Here is a step-by-step guide on how to use a drainage pipe coupler:
First, plan your drainage system by sketching out the intended system, including the location of the pipes, the direction they will run, and where they will connect to the mains system. Choose the correct size of pipes (usually 110mm for domestic homes and 160mm for multiple houses) and ensure you have all the necessary parts, such as bends, angles, joiners, and junctions.
Next, lay out the pipework, considering any obstacles that may require adjustments to your plan. Determine the "fall" or gradual gradient required to allow gravity to move water through the pipes.
Now, you can begin the process of connecting the pipes with the coupler. Apply pipe lubricant to the rubber seal of the coupler and the chamfered end of the cut pipe. Then, push the male end of the pipe into the female end of the coupler. If the pipe is stiff, use a rubber mallet to tap it into place gently.
For a more permanent solution, you can use PVC cement to weld the pipes and fittings together. First, test-fit the pipes and fittings to ensure they connect as intended. Clean the pipe and fitting of any dust or dirt, especially if they are used for plumbing. Apply a small amount of PVC cement to the inside of the fitting where the pipe will be seated. Insert the pipe into the fitting, and use a mallet if necessary to ensure it is fully inserted. Allow 30 seconds for the cement to cure and fuse the pieces together.
Alternatively, you can use fasteners (screws) to attach the pipes and fittings together without the permanence of PVC cement. Drill a pilot hole where the pipe and fitting meet, and insert a self-tapping, threaded screw. Ensure the screw is long enough to go through both the fitting and the pipe.
By following these steps, you can securely connect plastic drain pipes using a drainage pipe coupler, ensuring a watertight seal and preventing leaks.
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Connecting PVC drain fittings
PVC Solvent (Cement) Method:
The PVC solvent method, also known as the cement method, is a secure and permanent way to connect PVC pipes and fittings. This method involves using PVC cement to weld the pieces together. First, ensure that the pipes and fittings are properly aligned and test-fit to ensure a perfect connection. Then, apply PVC cement to the surfaces of the plastics. The cement will melt the surfaces, fusing them together permanently within about 30 seconds. This creates a strong, solid structure.
Fastener Connect Technique:
The fastener connect technique provides a strong structural hold without the permanence of the cement method. This method involves inserting the pipe into the fitting and securing it with fasteners (screws). Use a mallet if necessary to ensure the pipe is fully seated. Then, create a pilot hole midway between the pipe and fitting, and insert a self-tapping, threaded screw. This technique allows for the reuse and repositioning of fittings, which is advantageous for some projects.
Mission Coupling:
Mission couplings are an effective way to repair a section of pipe in an existing run. Instead of struggling with cement and risking leaks, a mission coupling clamps over the last joint, providing a flexible and secure seal. While it may be more expensive than a plastic coupling, it offers peace of mind and better overall flexibility. Ensure that you purchase couplings with full steel sleeves and that they meet the code requirements for your area.
Rubber Couplings:
Rubber couplings, sometimes shielded or reinforced, offer flexibility and ease of use. To use a rubber coupling, cut the tube between the two unions, leaving enough slack to slide the rubber coupling over both parts. Then, tighten the stainless steel worm drive clips to secure the connection. Rubber couplings are especially useful when you need more flexibility in the pipes to force the joints together.
Metal Slip Nut:
When connecting a male threaded metal pipe to a plastic pipe, a metal slip nut can be used to create a watertight seal. Tighten the metal nut with a large plumber's slip nut wrench, and then test for leaks by running hot and cold water through the pipes.
Remember to always follow local codes and regulations, and consider seeking professional advice or assistance for complex plumbing projects.
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Testing for leaks or clogs
One way to overcome this issue is to use a hydraulic system, such as the Ferret leak detection device. This system uses water pressure to find leaks. A robust balloon, known as the Ferret Head, is inserted into the pipe and inflated to block it. The balloon is then pushed along the pipe, and when it reaches a leak, the water escapes due to the built-up water pressure. This method does not rely on hearing the leak and can precisely locate it due to the built-in tracing equipment.
Another test to detect leaks in drain pipes is the hydrostatic pressure test. This involves inserting a special ball into the sewer line and inflating it to block the pipe completely. Water is then added to the pipe up to ground level, and the water level is observed. If the water level decreases, it indicates a potential leak in the sewer line.
To prevent clogs in plastic drain pipes, regular maintenance is essential. Enzyme-based drain cleaners are a safe and effective option, as they use natural enzymes to break down organic materials such as grease, hair, and soap scum. Unlike chemical drain cleaners, they do not contain harsh acids or caustics that can damage plastic pipes.
If you are experiencing clogs, there are several tools and methods you can use to clear them. The Vastar Drain Snake is an inexpensive, chemical-free option that can manually remove clogs from drains. It is a plastic snake that reaches about 20 inches into drain pipes and has barbs to grab onto hair and other blockages. Alternatively, chemical drain cleaners like Drano or Thrift can be used to blast through stubborn clogs, but they should be handled with caution and may not be suitable for all types of pipes or blockages.
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Frequently asked questions
The process of connecting plastic drain pipes involves choosing the correct pipe size, planning the system, laying out the pipework, connecting the pipes using couplers or sockets, and sealing the joints with glue or cement.
Connecting PVC underground drainage pipes is straightforward. Ensure you have the right tools and materials. Plan the system, including the location of pipes, direction, and slope. Connect the pipes by pushing them together, as they usually have a push-fit connection.
Choose the correct pipe size based on the water flow. Plan the pipe layout, considering any obstacles and the required slope. Use compatible fittings such as couplings, elbows, and tees. Tighten the fittings securely with a wrench. Apply PVC glue to the pipe and fitting, insert the pipe, and hold it until the glue sets.
Leaks can occur if the connection is not properly sealed. If you are using a plastic slip nut, avoid over-tightening, as it may break. Instead, try using a metal slip nut with a wrench to create a watertight seal. Clean the threads and use a metal P-trap and nuts for a better connection.
